The rate limits are a “sliding window”. So if you’d manage to spread out all the failed authorizations in 30 minutes, you’d be able to get a new authorization again after 30 minutes when the first failed one “expires”.
The answer to number 2 depends on whether the authorization will be succesful or not. If not succesful, it would count as a failed authorization and could cause you to need to wait even longer, depending on how much failed authorizations in the sliding window have expired already.