SSL certificate for Synolygy private NAS without a domain name?

Let’s Encrypt doesn’t issue certificates for IP addresses, though some CAs do.

You could buy a domain.

You could get a free domain.

You could use a dynamic DNS service to get a subdomain.

In particular, would Synology DDNS work for you?

https://www.synology.com/en-us/knowledgebase/DSM/tutorial/General/What_Is_Synology_DDNS_Service