How about the Windows firewall?
Not sure I'm fully tracking but if you go to foundry.koodgarma.com it does take you to my Foundry VTT server, just not via SSL I think
http://foundry.koodgarma.com/
Should that be?:
http://foundry.goodkarma.com/
Which is it?
it is foundry.koodgarma.com hehe it's a play on words
OK.
I can play with words - LOL
Check your Windows wirefall settings.
Roger that. I'm in Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security settings, not sure what to do next.
oh wait, just found this... Open TCP Port 80 in Windows Firewall [McNeel Wiki]
Okay I set up a new rule for port 80 and then I tried to use portchecker.co but it still says port 80 is closed 
Well that's not exactly BAD news; As there is nothing listening on port 80 at the moment.
Let's retry:
certbot certonly --standalone -d foundry.koodgarma.com
Just retried it and got the same error
Then your ISP might be blocking port 80.
OR
The router is eating port 80 requests.
"fixing" that requires a "visit" to your ISP's help pages and maybe their tech support
Stupid COX and/or voracious router 
Is next logical course of action the DNS-01 route or one of the links at the site you shared earlier? ACME Client Implementations - Let's Encrypt
In the meantime, you could "try" your hand at manual DNS authentication.
That requires being able to create/modify TXT records at your DSP (GoDaddy?).
Login to the page where you created the A records and CNAME.
Appears COX is blocking (hehe) port 80... Cox is blocking port 80 incoming, causing security certificates from installing! - Internet - Internet Forum - Cox Support Forums
OK.
So, no easy route for you 
Which is weird because I was able to get a secure cert using Certbot around May last year and I didn't run into this issue back then
Do you want to try your hand at DNS-01 auth?
Heck ya and btw I really appreciate your help with all of this! I will be your Padawan!!
Who would have expected that?
ROFLMAO