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Looking at the specific location block for the /.well-known/acme-challenge/* path without the redirect, your http-01 challenge should succeed with just port 80 open. So in theory, you could run your HTTPS on a different port.
Thanks, in fact, the initial signing worked only with port 80 listening.
I thought that renewals can work only with port 80 listening, and you confirmed me.
As Osiris says, usually only a single challenge type is used. Moreover, it will ordinarily (i.e., with most popular ACME clients using their default settings) be the same challenge type that was used to obtain the cert in the first place. So, if you originally got your cert using HTTP validation (which uses port 80), renewals will validate in the same way (which means port 80 will need to be open for that as well).